1. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, p. 536. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
2. Arctic haze. (January 7, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_haze&oldid=182689572
3. Best, G. (1999). Environmental Pollution Studies. Liverpool, England: Liverpool University Press, p. 91. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
4. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 25. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
5. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 26. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
6. Based on articles from:
Environmental Works. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-214274
7. Santos, M. A. (1990). Managing Planet Earth: Perspectives on Population, Ecology, and the Law. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, p. 51. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
8. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, pp. 546 – 7. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
9. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 408. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
10. Environmental Works. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-214274
11. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
12. Carbon monoxide. (March 6, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_monoxide&oldid=196188223
13. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, p. 546. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
14. Paulson, G. L., & Nadler, A. C. (1972). Air Pollution. In Ecology and Economics: Controlling Pollution in the 70s, Goldman, M. I. (Ed.) (pp. 73-101). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 85. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
15. Carbon monoxide. (March 6, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_monoxide&oldid=196188223
16. Ozone. (March 11, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozone&oldid=197484961
17. Tropospheric ozone. (March 5, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropospheric_ozone&oldid=196160653
18. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
19. O’Fallon, D. & Sieff, P. (February 2002). Minot, North Dakota, Train Derailment. Published by Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi LLP. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.rkmc.com/Minot_North_Dakota_Train_Derailment.htm
20. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (October 22, 2008). Ammonia Gas: Health Effects of Ammonia Gas. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia/health_ammonia.html
21. Delaware Health & Social Services, State of Delaware (May, 2007). Public Information: Ammonia (NH3). Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/ammoniapi.pdf
22. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, pp. 409 – 10. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
23. Haughton, G., & Hunter, C. (2003). Sustainable Cities. London: Routledge, p. 153. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
24. Occupational Disease. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 17, 2008 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-14278
25. Benzene. (November 16, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=252113046
26. 1,3-Butadiene. (November 3, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,3-Butadiene&oldid=249411792
27. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
28. Glinianaia, S. V., Rankin, J., Bell, R., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Howel, D. (2004). Does Particulate Air Pollution Contribute to Infant Death? A Systematic Review. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
29. Bell, M. L., Ebisu, K., & Belanger, K. (2007). Ambient Air Pollution and Low Birth Weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
30. Phelps, J. (2004). Air Pollution Impairs Lung Development in Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
31. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (May 9, 2008). Particulate Matter: Health and Environment. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/health.html
32. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 354. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
33. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 51. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
34. Ibid., p. 47
35. Gardiner, L. (February, 2006). Air Pollution Affects Plants, Animals, and Environments. Published by Windows to the Universe. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/wildlife_forests.html&edu=high
36. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 49. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
37. Gardiner, L. (February, 2006). Air Pollution Affects Plants, Animals, and Environments. Published by Windows to the Universe. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/wildlife_forests.html&edu=high
38. Santos, M. A. (1990). Managing Planet Earth: Perspectives on Population, Ecology, and the Law. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, p. 51. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
39. Gilpin, A. (1999). Environmental Economics: A Critical Overview. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, p. 201. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
1. Based on ideas from:
Cherni, J. A. (2002). Economic Growth Versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution. New York: Palgrave. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
2. Based on a list of industries from databases of air pollutants provided by:
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (August 16, 2005). Emissions Databases for Major Acidifying Gases. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/v32ft2000edgar/edgarv32ft_acid/
3. Sulfur Dioxide. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
4. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 16. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
5. Author’s own calculations based on data from:
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (August 16, 2005). Emissions Databases for Major Acidifying Gases. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/v32ft2000edgar/edgarv32ft_acid/
6. Metallurgy. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
7. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 26. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
8. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 25. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
9. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 26. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
10. Author’s own calculations based on data from:
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (August 16, 2005). Emissions Databases for Major Acidifying Gases. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/v32ft2000edgar/edgarv32ft_acid/
11. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (August 16, 2005). Emissions Databases for Major Acidifying Gases. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/v32ft2000edgar/edgarv32ft_acid/
12. Schneider, C. G. (2001). Every Breath You Take: Significant Reductions in Power Plant Emissions Will Be Necessary before We Can Clean Up America's Air. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, Vol. 16. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
13. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 25. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
14. Author’s own calculations based on data from:
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (August 16, 2005). Emissions Databases for Major Acidifying Gases. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/v32ft2000edgar/edgarv32ft_acid/
15. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (August 16, 2005). Emissions Databases for Major Acidifying Gases. Retrieved November 1, 2008 from http://www.mnp.nl/edgar/model/v32ft2000edgar/edgarv32ft_acid/
16. Ibid.
17. Ozone. (March 11, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozone&oldid=197484961
18. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 47. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
19. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge , p. 28. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
20. Ibid.
1. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 34. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
2. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 395. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
3. O'Neill, M. S., Jerrett, M., Kawachi, I., Levy, J. I., Cohen, A. J., Gouveia, N., et al. (2003). Health, Wealth, and Air Pollution: Advancing Theory and Methods. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 111. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
4. Sulfur Dioxide. (2007). In The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
5. Based on articles from:
Environmental Works. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-214274
6. Santos, M. A. (1990). Managing Planet Earth: Perspectives on Population, Ecology, and the Law. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, p. 51. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
7. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, pp. 546 – 7. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
8. Paulson, G. L., & Nadler, A. C. (1972). Air Pollution. In Ecology and Economics: Controlling Pollution in the 70s, Goldman, M. I. (Ed.) (pp. 73-101). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 81. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
9. Great Smog of 1952. (November 9, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_1952&oldid=250596376
10. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
11. Ibid.
12. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 25. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
13. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 26. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
14. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
15. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 408. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
16. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
17. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 408. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
18. Environmental Works. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-214274
19. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 35. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
20. Carbon monoxide. (March 6, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_monoxide&oldid=196188223
21. Paulson, G. L., & Nadler, A. C. (1972). Air Pollution. In Ecology and Economics: Controlling Pollution in the 70s, Goldman, M. I. (Ed.) (pp. 73-101). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 84. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
22. Carbon monoxide. (March 6, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_monoxide&oldid=196188223
23. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, p. 546. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
24. Paulson, G. L., & Nadler, A. C. (1972). Air Pollution. In Ecology and Economics: Controlling Pollution in the 70s, Goldman, M. I. (Ed.) (pp. 73-101). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 85. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
25. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, p. 545. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
26. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ozone. (March 11, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozone&oldid=197484961
30. Tropospheric ozone. (March 5, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 4, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropospheric_ozone&oldid=196160653
31. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
32. Delaware Health & Social Services, State of Delaware (May, 2007). Public Information: Ammonia (NH3). Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/ammoniapi.pdf
33. O’Fallon, D. & Sieff, P. (February 2002). Minot, North Dakota, Train Derailment. Published by Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi LLP. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.rkmc.com/Minot_North_Dakota_Train_Derailment.htm
34. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (October 22, 2008). Ammonia Gas: Health Effects of Ammonia Gas. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/ammonia/health_ammonia.html
35. Delaware Health & Social Services, State of Delaware (May, 2007). Public Information: Ammonia (NH3). Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dph/files/ammoniapi.pdf
36. O’Fallon, D. & Sieff, P. (February 2002). Minot, North Dakota, Train Derailment. Published by Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi LLP. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.rkmc.com/Minot_North_Dakota_Train_Derailment.htm
37. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 409. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 410
41. Volatile organic compound. (November 12, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compound&oldid=251309593
42. Haughton, G., & Hunter, C. (2003). Sustainable Cities. London: Routledge, p. 153. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
43. Occupational Disease. (2008). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 17, 2008 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://library.eb.co.uk/eb/article-14278
44. Ibid.
45. Benzene. (November 16, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=252113046
46. 1,3-Butadiene. (November 3, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,3-Butadiene&oldid=249411792
47. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
48. Bolt, K., Dasgupta, S., Pandey, K., & Wheeler, D. (2001). Minute Particles, Major Problems: New Policies Show Promise for Saving Millions of Lives by Clearing the Air in the Developing World. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, Vol. 16. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
49. Ibid.
50. Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H., & Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, p. 543. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
51. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
52. Glinianaia, S. V., Rankin, J., Bell, R., Pless-Mulloli, T., & Howel, D. (2004). Does Particulate Air Pollution Contribute to Infant Death? A Systematic Review. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
53. Bell, M. L., Ebisu, K., & Belanger, K. (2007). Ambient Air Pollution and Low Birth Weight in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 115. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
54. Phelps, J. (2004). Air Pollution Impairs Lung Development in Children. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
55. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (May 9, 2008). Particulate Matter: Health and Environment. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/health.html
56. Moore, C. A. (September/October, 1995). Poisons in the Air. International Wildlife, Vol. 25. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
57. Associated Press (November 13, 2008). UN: Clouds of pollution threaten glaciers, health. Published by Yahoo! News. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081113/ap_on_sc/as_china_brown_clouds
58. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 420. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
59. The Environment Agency (2008). Acid Rain. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/pollution/acid_rain/
60. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 420. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
61. Ibid., p. 421
62. Ibid., p. 423
63. Gardiner, L. (February, 2006). Air Pollution Affects Plants, Animals, and Environments. Published by Windows to the Universe. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/wildlife_forests.html&edu=high
64. Ibid.
65. Colls, J. (2002). Air Pollution. New York: Spon Press, p. 354. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
66. Ibid., p. 344.
67. Ibid.
68. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 49. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., p. 51
71. Ibid., p. 47
72. Gardiner, L. (February, 2006). Air Pollution Affects Plants, Animals, and Environments. Published by Windows to the Universe. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/wildlife_forests.html&edu=high
73. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 48. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid., p. 49
76. Gardiner, L. (February, 2006). Air Pollution Affects Plants, Animals, and Environments. Published by Windows to the Universe. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Atmosphere/wildlife_forests.html&edu=high
77. Santos, M. A. (1990). Managing Planet Earth: Perspectives on Population, Ecology, and the Law. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, p. 51. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
78. Acid rain. (November 16, 2008). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acid_rain&oldid=252152519
79. Farmer, A. (1997). Managing Environmental Pollution. London: Routledge, p. 53. Retrieved April 3, 2008 from Questia.com
80. Gilpin, A. (1999). Environmental Economics: A Critical Overview. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, p. 201. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from Questia.com
81. Cone, T. (November 13, 2008). Study: Calif dirty air kills more than car crashes. Published by the Huffington Post. Retrieved November 22, 2008 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20081113/california-air-pollution/